The Antonine Plague of AD 165 to 180 (named for the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus of the Antonine dynasty), also known as the Plague of Galen (after Galen, the Greek physician who described it), was a prolonged and destructive epidemic, which affected the Roman Empire. It was possibly contracted and spread by soldiers who were returning from campaign in the Near East. Scholars generally believed that the plague was smallpox, due to the skin eruptions over the entirety of the body which appeared to be red and black (Horgan), but recent genetic evidence strongly suggests that the most severe form of smallpox did not arise in Europe until much later.